To learn more about this interesting subject I recommend:
Wourms, J. P. 1981. Viviparity: The maternal-fetal relationship in fishes. American Zoologist 21: 473-515.
Compagno, L. J. V. 1990. Alternative lif-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time an space. Environ. Biol. Fishes 28: 33-75.
Otake, T. 1990. Classification of reproductive modes in sharks with comments
on female reproductive tissues and structures. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90:
111-130. complete reference,
Wourms, J. P. 1993. Maximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark, Scoliodon laticaudus. Env. Biol. Fish. 38(1-3): 269-294.
Dulvy, N. K. & Reynolds J. D. 1997. Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal imputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264: 1309-1315.
Dulvy, N.K. 1998. Evolution and ecology of sharks and rays. Unpublished
Ph.D. thesis, University of East Anglia, England. Abstract
and Appendix I
Hamlett, W. C. 1997. Reproductive modes of elsmobranchs. Shark News 9:1-3 (June 1997).
See also homepage by Peter Bor on egglaying skates and sharks.
No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
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001 | Heterodontus francisci (Girard, 1854) | Horn shark XX | ~11 x 4.5; 12.5 (Cox, 1963) |
7-9 | 15-16 | 122 |
002 | H. galeatus (Günther, 1870) | Crested bullhead shark | 11 (4.5") Whitley 1940 |
>5 | ~17 | 152 |
003 | H. japanonicus (Maclay & Macleay, 1884) | Japanese bullhead shark | ~12 | ~18 | 120 | |
004 | H. mexicanus Taylor & Castro-Aguiree 1972 | Mexicn hornshark | 70 | |||
005 | H. portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) | Port Jackson shark | 13-17 x 5-7 | 9-12 | 23-24 | 165 |
006 | H. quoyi (Freminville, 1840) | Galapagos bullhead shark | 17? | 59 | ||
007 | H. ramalheira (Smith, 1949) | Whitespotted bullhead shark | 83 | |||
008 | H. zebra (Gray, 1831) | Zebra bullhead shark | 122 | |||
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009 | Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 | Barbelthroat carpetshark | ? | 33.5+ | ||
010 | C. formosanum Teng, 1959 | Taiwan saddled carpetshark | ? | 39 | ||
011 | C. japonicum Kamohara, 1943 | Saddle carpetshark | ? | 49 | ||
012 | Parascyllium collare Ramsay & Ogilby, 1888 | Collared carpetshark | 87 | |||
013 | P. ferrugineum McCulloch, 1911 | Rusty carpetshark | ~17 | 75 | ||
014 | P. multimaculatum Scott, 1911 | Tasmanian carpetshark | ? | 75 | ||
015 | P. variolatum (Duméril, 1853) | Necklace carpetshark | 91 | |||
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Brachaelurus waddi (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | Blind shark | YSV | 15-18 | 122 | ||
016 | Heteroscyllium colcloughi (Ogilby, 1908) | Bluegray carpetshark | ? | ~60 | ||
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No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
017 | Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov, 1980 | Arabian carpetshark | 6.0-7.0
x 3.0-3.5 Peter Bor |
70 | ||
018 | C. caerulopunctatum Pellegrin, 1914 | Bluespotted bambooshark | ? | 67 | ||
019 | C. griseum Müller & Henle, 1838 | Grey bambooshark | 7.0-7.8 x 3.2-3.6 Ray 1914 |
74 | ||
020 | C. indicum (Gmelin, 1789) | Slender bambooshark | ~65 | |||
021 | C. plagiosum Bennett, 1830 | Whitespotted bambooshark | 8-10
cm long x 5.0-5.5 (P. Bor) |
2-2.5 | 95 | |
022 | C. punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 | Brownbanded bambooshark | 8.6-9.6 x 4.4-5.0 P. Bor |
104 | ||
023 | Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | Indonesian speckled carpetshark | ? | 46 | ||
024 | H. hallstromi Whitley, 1967 | Papuan epaulette shark | ? | 75 | ||
025 | H. ocellatum (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Epaulette shark | 8.2-11.0 x 3.5-4.6 (W&C 1991) | 4.1-4.7 | 107 | |
026 | H. strahani Whitley, 1967 | Hooded carpetshark | ? | 75 | ||
027 | H. trispeculare& Richardson, 1843 | Speckled carpetshark | ? | 64 | ||
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028 | Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) | Zebra shark | 17 x 8 x 5 | 354 | ||
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028a | Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum Guenther, 1866 | Shorttail nurse shark | oviparous | 75 | ||
028b | Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Nurse shark | ovoviviparous* | 2.80-3.04 m | ||
*Reported to have laid eggs in the Curacao Sea Aquarium (Dutch Antilles). After laying 25 empty eggs the animal produced normal live young (21 born between 6 Nov 98 and 18 Jan 99). Gerard Visser, 1999. Nieuwe verpleegsterhaaien voor het Oceanium. Blijdorpblad 1999 no. 6:10. Specimen at Rotterdam Zoo was observed to lay one egg-case (9.5 x 4.9 cm), perhaps aborted. Location of capture is being tracked (Peter Bor). | ||||||
028c | Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1830) | Tawny nurse shark | 8.9 x5.0 (Whitley 1938, 1940) * | 3.14-3.20 m | ||
* Reported as ovoviviparous or oviparous (Compagno 1984, p. 203). | ||||||
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Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 | Whale shark | 30 x 14 x 9 (YSV) | 58-64 (~1 kg) |
13.7-18? m | ||
Until recently, the reproductive mode of the whale shark was
uncertain, oviparous or ovoviparous. Acc. to Compagno 1984 : "In 1953 a large eggcase, 30 cm long, 14 cm wide and 9 cm thick containing a nearly full-term 36 cm embryo whale shark was collected from the Gulf of Mecico, and the assumption was made that the species is oviparous. (Baughman 1955, Garrick 1964, Bass et al. 1975). However, the rarity of 'free-living' whale shark eggs, the extreme thinness and lack of tendrils on the only known case, the considerable yolk and partially developed gill sieve in the only known embryo, and the presence of umbilcal scars on larger free living specimens 55 cm long suggest the whale shark is ovoviviparous." A recently harpooned pregnant female contained about 300 embryos in the uteri. About 15 of the pups were alive and put into containers with sea water. Only 2 could be kept alive , one in Japan, the other in Taiwan. C. T. Chen reported at the 1996 AES meetin in New Orleans that the pup in Taiwan subsequently died (Abstract presented by W.-B. Chang at the 4th International Aquarium Congress Tokyo, June 23-27, 1996. The success of keeping a baby whale shark from its fetal stage in Taiwan. L.-S. Fang, M.-Y. Leu and W.-B. Chang. |
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Many species show the primitive single oviparity, in which only one fertilized egg enters each oviduct and is deposited on the substrate at a time. The large eggs, encapsulated in tough egg cases with corner tendrils to achor them, have most of their embryonic development outside the mother shark and may take nearly a year to produce a hatchling shark. | ||||||
029 | Apristurus atlanticus (Koefoed, 1932) | Atlantic ghost catshark | 25+ | |||
New | A. aphyodes Nakaya & Stehman 1998 | ~4.3-5.2 x 1.6 x 1.0 (Iglésias et al. 2002) |
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030 | A. brunneus (Gibert, 1892) | Brown catshark XX | 5 x 2.5 | 27 | 7.6-8.5 | 68 |
031 | A. canutus Springer & Heemstra, 1979) | Hoary catshark | 45.5 | |||
032 | A. herklotsi (Fowler, 1934) | Longfin catshark | . | 31+ | ||
033 | A. indicus (Brauer, 1906) | Smallbelly catshark | 34+ | |||
034 | A. investigatoris (Misra, 1962) | Broadnose catshark | 26+ | |||
035 | A. japonicus Nakaya, 1975 | Japnanese catshark | 71 | |||
036 | A.kampae Taylor, 1972 | Longnose catshark | 52+ | |||
037 | A. laurussonii (Saemundson, 1922) | Iceland catshark | ~6-7 x 2.4-2.7 x 1.0 (Iglésias et al. 2002) |
68 | ||
038 | A. longicephalus Nakaya, 1975 | Longhead catshark | 37.5+ | |||
039 | A. macrorhynchus (Tanaka, 1909) | Flathead catshark | 5.4 x 2.3 (Nakaya 1975) |
66 | ||
No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
040 | A. maderensix Cadenat & Maul, 1966 | Madeira catshark | 68.1+ | |||
041 | A. manis (Springer, 1979) | Ghost catshark | 85.2 | |||
042 | A. microps (Gilchrist, 1922) | Smalleye catshark | 54++ | |||
043 | A. nasutus de Buen, 1959 | Largenose catshark | 59 | |||
044 | A. parvipinnis Springer & Heemstra, 1979 | Smallfin catshark | 52.1 | |||
045 | A. platyrhynchus (Tanaka, 1909) | Spatulasnout catshark | 7.9 x 1.9 (Nakaya 1975) |
80 | ||
046 | A. profundorum (Goode & Bean, 1886) | Deepwater catshark | 51++ | |||
047 | A. riveri Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944 | Broadgill catshark | 5.0 x 1.5 Springer 1965 |
46 | ||
048 | A. saldanha (Barnard, 1925) | Saldanha catshark | 81 | |||
049 | A. sibogae (Weber, 1913) | Pale catshark | 21++ | |||
050 | A. sinensis Chus & Hu, 1981 | South China catshark | 41.7+ | |||
051 | A. spongiceps (Gilbert, 1895) | Spongehead catshark | 50+ | |||
052 | A. stenseni (Springer, 1979 | Panama ghost catshark | 23+ | |||
053 | A. verweyi (Fowler, 1934) | Borneo catshark | 29.7+ | |||
054 | Asymbolus analis (Ogilby, 1885) | Austarlain spotted catshark | 61 | |||
055 | A. vincenti (Zeitz, 1908) | Gulf catshark | 5.2 x 2.1 x 1.05 5.7 g (Hale 1935) |
61 | ||
056a | Atelomycterus fasciatus Compagno & Stevens, 1993 | New catshark | 6.7 x 2.0 (C&S 1993) | 45.1+ | ||
056b | Atelomycterus macleayi Whitley, 1939 | Australian marbled catshark | 7.0 x 2.5 | ~10 | 60 | |
057 | A. marmoratus (Bennett, 1830) | Coral catshark | 7.1-7.9 x 2.3 P. Bor |
70 | ||
058 | Aulohalaelurus labiosus Waite, 1905 | Blackspotted catshark | 67 | |||
No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
059 | Cephaloscyllium fasciatum Chan, 1966 | Reticulated swellshark | 42+ | |||
060 | C. isabellum (Bonnaterre, 1788) | Draughtsboard shark | 100+ | |||
061 | C. laticeps (Duméril, 1853) | Australian swellshark | Springer 1979 | 97+ | ||
062 | C. nascione Whitley, 1932 | Whitefinned swellshark | ~100 | |||
063 | C. silasi (Talwar, 1974) | Indian swellshark | 36 | |||
064 | C. sufflans (Regan, 1921) | Balloon swellshark | 106 | |||
065 | C. ventriosum (Garman, 1880) | Swellshark XX | 9.0-12.5x2.8-5.5 Cox 1964 |
7.5-10 | 13-15 (13-?g) | 100+ |
066 | Cephalurus cephalus (Gilbert, 1892) | Lollipop catshark | YSV? | 28 | ||
067 | Galeus arae (Nichols, 1927) | Roughtail catshark | * | 1.5-2.0 ED | 14 | 43 |
*"Mode of development uncertain; possibly oviparous in the Caribbean island subspecies G. a. antillensis, but possibly ovovivparous in the continental G. a. arae." (Compagno 1984). See Iglésias et al. 2002 for review. | ||||||
068 | G. atlanticus (Vaillant, 1888) | Atlantic sawtail catshark | ? | |||
069 | G. boardmani (Whitley, 1928) | Australian sawtail catshark | ? | 61 | ||
070 | G. eastmani (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) | Gecko catshark | 6.0 x 1.6 (Nakaya 1975) |
50 | ||
071 | G. melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 | Blackmouth catshark | 6.0-6.4 x 2.0-3.0; Review P. Bor; Iglésias et al. 2002 | 90 | ||
072 | G. murinus (Collett, 1904) | Mouse catshark | ~5.5 x 1.6 x 1.0 (Iglésias et al. 2002) |
63+ | ||
073 | G. nipponensi Nakaya, 1975 | Broadfin sawtail catshark | 8.9 x 2.0 (Nakaya 1975) |
65.6 | ||
074 | G. piperatus Springer & Wagner, 1966 | Peppered catshark | 30 | |||
075 | G. polli Cadenat, 1959 | African sawtail catshark | YSV | ~12 | 42 | |
076 | G. sauteri (Jordan & Richardson, 1909) | Blacktip sawtail catshark | 3.5 x 1.5 (Nakaya 1975) |
12 | 45 | |
077 | G. schultzi Springer, 1979 | Dwarf sawtail catshark | 12 | 29.7 | ||
No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
078 | Halaelurus alcocki ? Garman, 1913 | Arabian catshark | <30? | |||
079 | H. boesemani Springer & D'Aubrey, 1972 | Speckled catshark | ? | >7 | 48 | |
080 | H. buerger (Müller & Henle, 1838) | Blackspotted catshark | 5.1 x 2.1 (Nakaya 1975) |
short | 49 | |
081 | H. canescens (Günther, 1878) | Dusky catshark | 6.6 x 3.2 (Springer 1979) |
70 | ||
082 | H. dawsoni Springer, 1971 | New Zealand catshark | ? | 34.9 | ||
083 | H. hispidus (Alcock, 1891) | Bristly catshark | ? | 29 | ||
084 | H. immaculatus Chu & Meng, 1982 | Spotless catshark | ? | 76 | ||
085 | H. lineatus Bass, D'Aubrey & Kistnasamy, 1975 | Lined catshark | 1 (20C) | 56 | ||
H. lutarius Springer & D'Aubrey, 1972 | Mud catshark | YSV | 10 | 39 | ||
086 | H. natalenis (Regan, 1904) | Tiger catshark | 4 x 1.5 | short | 47 | |
087 | H. quagga (Alcock, 1899) | Quagga catshark | ~8 | 35 | ||
088 | Haploblepharus edwardsii (Voigt, 1832) | Puffadder shyshark | 3.5-5.0 x 1.5-3.0 | 60 | ||
089 | H. fuscus (Smith, 1950) | Brown shyshark | 56 | |||
090 | H. pictus (Müller &Henle, 1838) | Dark shyshark | 6 x 3 | ~11 | 73 | |
091 | Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist, 1914) | African spotted catshark | 34 | |||
092 | H. regani (Gilchrist, 1922) | Izak catshark | 3.5 x 1.5 | 61 | ||
093 | Parmaturus campechiensis Springer, 1979 | Campeche catshark | 16++ | |||
094 | P. macmillani Hardy, 1985 | New Zealand filetail | ||||
095 | P. melanobranchius Chan, 1966 | Blackgill catshark | 85 | |||
096 | P. pilosus& Garman, 1906 | Salamander catshark | 64 | |||
097 | P. xaniurus (Gilbert, 1892) | Filetail catshark XX | 3-4 x 7-11 | >24? | 7.5-8.5 | 55 |
098 | Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 | Onefin catshark | ? | 50.8+ | ||
No. | Scientific name | Common name | Dim (cm) | Gest (mo) |
TLaH (cm) | Max. size (cm) |
099 | Poroderma africanum (Gmelin, 1789) | Striped or pyjama catshark | 9.5 x 4.5 S & G 1997 |
5.5 | 14-15; 11 (AD) 7.86 g |
101 |
100 | P. pantherinum (Smith, 1838) | Leopard catshark | 8.2-8.5 x 2.9 P. Bor |
84 | ||
101 | Schroederichthys bivius (Smith, 1838) | Narrowmouthed catshark | 2.1 x 6.6 P. Bor |
70 | ||
102 | S. chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) | Redspotted catshark | 62 | |||
103 | S. maculatus Springer, 1966 | Narrowtail catshark | 1.4 x 4.4 Springer 1965 |
34 | ||
104 | S. tenuis Springer, 1966 | Slender catshark | 1.7 x 3.9 Gomes 1995 |
70 | ||
105 | Scyliorhinus besnardi Springer & Sadowsky, 1970 | Polkdadot catshark | 2.1-2.3 x 5.6-6.3 P. Bor |
47 | ||
106 | S. boa Goode & Ben, 1896 | Boa catshark | 54 | |||
107 | S. canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) | Small-spotted catshark (Med. Sea) | 4 x 2 | 8-9 | 10.0-11.5 (3.0-3.5 g) |
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S. canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) | Small-spotted catshark (North Sea) | 5-7 x 2-3 | 8-9 | 9-10 | 100 | |
108 | S. capensis (Smith, 1838) | Yellowspotted catshark | 8 x 3 | <30 | 122 | |
109 | S. cervigoni Maurin & Bonnet, 1970 | West African catshark | 7-8 x 3 | 76 | ||
110 | S. garmani (Fowler, 1934) | Brownspotted catshark | 36+? | |||
111 | S. haeckeli (Ribeiro, 1907) | Freckled catshark | 6-7 x 2-3 Gomes 1995 |
10-13 | 35+ | |
112 | S. hesperius (Ribeiro, 1907) | Whitesaddled catshark | 47+ | |||
113 | S. meadi Springer, 1966 | Blotched catshark | 4.0 x 1.4 Springer 1965 |
49++ | ||
114 | S. retifer (Garman, 1881) | Chain catshark | 5.3 x 2.0 Nichols 1931 |
47 | ||
115 | S. stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Nursehound or large-spotted catshark | 10-13 x 3.5-4.0 Bor (1998) |
9? | 16 | 162 |
116 | S. torazame (Tanaka, 1908) | Cloudy catshark | 5.5 x 1.9 (Nakaya 1975) |
8+ | 48 | |
117 | S. torrei Howell-Rivero, 1936 | Dwarf catshark | 32 | |||
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118 | Proscyllium haberei Hilgendorf, 1904 | Graceful catshark | 65 |
Bor, P. H. F. 1998. Eikapsels van Haaien en Roggen. Wetenschappelijke
Mededeling KNNV, nr. 223, 48 p
Compagno, L. J. V. & Stevens J. D. 1993. (=C&S 1993). Atelomycterus
fasciatus n.sp., a new catshark (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)
from tropical Australia. Rec. Australian Mus. 45: 147-169, fig. 1-15, tab. 1-4..
Cox, K.W. 1963. Egg-cases of some elasmobranchs and a cyclostome from
californian waters. Californian Fish and Game 49: 271-289.
Gomes, U .L .1995. Egg capsules of Schroederichtys tenuis and Scyliorhinus
haeckelii (Chondrichthyes, Scyliorhinidae). Copeia 1995: 232-236.
Funicelli, N. A, 1972. Eggcases of cartilaginous fishes of the western
north atlantic. MsC thesis Long Island University: 57 pp.
Hale, H. M. 1935. The egg-case of a cat shark, scyliorhinus vincenti
(Zietz). Records S. Australian Museum 5: 367-368.
Iglésias, S. P., Du Buit M.-H., and Nakaya K. 2002. Egg capsules
of deep-sea catsharks from eastern North Atlantic, with first description of
the capsule of Galeus murinus and Apristurus aphyodes (Chondrichthyes:
Scyliorhinidae). Cymbium 26, 59-63.
Smith, G. & Griffiths C. 1997. (=S&G 1997) Shark and skate egg-cases
cast up on two South African beaches and their rate of hatching success, or
causes of death. S. Afr. J. Zool. 32:112-117.
Nakaya, K. 1975. Taxonomy, comparitive anatomy and phylogeny of Japanese
catsharks, Scyliorhiniidae. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 23, 1-94.
Nichols, J. T. 1931. Egg capsule of Scyliorhinus retifer. Copeia 1931:
38-39.
Raj, B. S. 1914. Note on the breeding of Chiloscyllium griseum, Mull.
and Henle. Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta 10: 318-319.
Springer 1965. A review of western atlantic sharks, Scyliorhinidae with
descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Fish. Bull. 65: 581-642.
Springer, S. 1979. A revision of the catsharks, Familie Scyliorhinus.
NOAA technical report NMFS circular 422, 152pp.
West, J. G. & Carter S. 1991. Observations on the development and growth
of the epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre) in captivity.
Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences 5 (4): 111-117.
Whitley, G. P. 1940. The fishes of Australia, Part 1, the Sharks, rays,
devil-fish, and other primitive fishes of Australia and New Zealand. Royal zoological
society of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 280pp.